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picaresque novel
The picaresque novel (Spanish: ''"picaresca,"'' from ''"pícaro,"'' for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction which depicts the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society. Picaresque novels typically adopt a realistic style, with elements of comedy and satire. This style of novel originated in 16th-century Spain and flourished throughout Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It continues to influence modern literature.
According to the traditional view of Thrall and Hibbard (first published in 1936), seven qualities distinguish the picaresque novel or narrative form, all or some of which may be employed for effect by the author. (1) A picaresque narrative is usually written in first person as an autobiographical account. (2) The main character is often of low character or social class. He or she gets by with wit and rarely deigns to hold a job. (3) There is no plot. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes. (4) There is little if any character development in the main character. Once a picaro, always a picaro. His or her circumstances may change but they rarely result in a change of heart. (5) The picaro's story is told with a plainness of language or realism. (6) Satire might sometimes be a prominent element. (7) The behavior of a picaresque hero or heroine stops just short of criminality. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero as a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society.〔Thrall, William and Addison Hibbard. A Handbook to Literature. The Odyssey Press, New York. 1960.〕 However, Trall and Hibbert's thesis has been questioned by scholars interested in how genre functions, rather than how it looks on the surface.
==Etymology==
The word ''picaro'' first starts to appear in Spain with the current meaning in 1545, though at the time it had no association with literature.〔
Best, O. F. (''Para la etimología de pícaro'' ), in ''Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica'', Vol. 17, No. 3/4 (1963/1964), pp. 352-357〕 The word ''picaro'' does not appear in ''Lazarillo de Tormes'' (1554), the novella credited by modern scholars with founding the genre. The expression ''picaresque novel'' was coined in 1810.〔(Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary By Merriam-Webster, Inc ) p.936〕〔(Spanish loanwords in the English language: a tendency towards hegemony reversal By Félix Rodríguez González ) p.36〕 Whether it has any validity at all as a generic label in the Spanish sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - and Cervantes certainly used "picaresque" with a different meaning than it has today - has been called into question. There is an unending campaign within Hispanic studies about what the term means, or meant, and which works were, or should be, so called. The only work clearly called "picaresque" by its contemporaries was Mateo Alemán's ''Guzmán de Alfarache'' (1599), which to them was the ''Libro del pícaro'' (The Book of the Picaro).〔Daniel Eisenberg, "Does the Picaresque Novel Exist?", ''Kentucky Romance Quarterly'', 26, 1979, pp. 203-219, http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Other_Hispanic_Topics/does_the_picaresque.pdf, retrieved 2014-08-30〕
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